Trade and Investment Integration and International

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Trade and Investment Integration and International Trade Theory Innovation

〗〖Abstract This paper analyzes the economic globalization, trade and investment integration in the phenomenon of the traditional challenges of international trade theory, put forward in the future development of international trade theory, some ideas, the main contents include: international trade based on comparative advantage will be changed to number of multinational corporations and international integration of resources within the competency-based competitive advantage; international trade pattern in the current company will be intra-industry trade between the giant multinational corporations in the development of intra-industry trade, intra-firm trade in the proportion of high precision parts and components will continue to increase; the dynamic benefits of international trade interests in the increasing prominence of a country to international trade is more emphasis on trade on employment, technological progress, tax, GDP and other promotion role; protection of trade policy increasingly difficult to determine the object of protection, protection effect of increased uncertainty, global competition policy has more advantages; economic integration organizations decreased discrimination, openness increases. Keywords〗〖
international trade theory of trade and investment integration, innovation

20 century, 90 years, economic globalization and integration into world economic development trend. Its main feature is all countries and regions worldwide, the increasing integration of economic and production factors, especially capital in the global round, free-flowing, so the economic development of countries and regions with the outside world, changes in economic interaction and mutual increasingly constrained increasing integration of trade and investment. The rapid development of economic globalization, mainly due to the early 90s The end of East-West hostilities essentially dominate the global market economy, to form a truly global market, while technological progress brought about by the information revolution, the rapid development of communications and transportation , the deepening of international division of labor, WTO and so was the establishment of the waves. Economic globalization has greatly promoted the development of world economy and trade, while the traditional theory of international economic and trade also made a number of challenges to the theory of innovation and international economic and trade opportunities. This paper will be discussed, in order to attract valuable comments.
one competitive advantage under conditions of economic globalization will replace the traditional comparative advantage in international trade division to become the main basis
system in international trade theory, free trade theory has been dominant, while the theory of comparative cost is the main line of development of free trade theory. Comparative cost theory holds that in international trade division of labor, as long as each country to play their comparative advantage, production costs are relatively low product in international division of labor, comparative advantage will get not only their own but the whole world will benefit. Then the factor endowment theory only from the perspective of general equilibrium analysis using multi factor compared to explain the causes of cost differences, international trade , the analysis of international trade closer to reality, they are not beyond the comparative cost analysis. These theories have a common characteristic, that are from an economic point of view that as long as the principle of national compliance costs in the division of labor, to benefit both countries there is no conflict of interest. In 1991, the U.S. economist Michael. Porter (strictly speaking, is a management scientist, although he believes he is an economist) Although in his published <, the conflict between the interests of business that competitive advantage is a country in international competition, winning the key, and elaborated on the determinants of national competitive advantage (Porter, 1991). But the theory is mainly from the management point of view of how a country in international competition to improve the overall competitiveness of competitive strategy are essentially within the macro-analysis. Therefore, if we want included in national competitive advantage theory of international trade theory, then it is just further explain how the new theory of international trade on the breeding industry from a macro with the company's competitive advantage is the further development of the theory of comparative cost.
but under conditions of economic globalization, comparative cost can no longer be decided in international trade division of the main base (Yinxing, 1997). This matter as it is more cost theory and the factor endowment theory has a crucial factor in the assumption that the non-mobility between countries. It is not as elements of liquidity that led to the comparative cost of different countries, and their impact on the comparative advantage of one aspect unique to a country, other countries can not be used, the division of labor and trade between countries to be the only way to balance this difference. However, economic globalization, particularly elements of the mobility of capital element of the case of growing, comparative cost advantage to a country which is no longer exclusive, such as a country rich and cheap labor, foreign companies can make use of capital flows to take advantage of investment in factories in the country, repatriation of profits and the mother country. In this case, a country's comparative advantage has actually become the domestic and overseas can take advantage of the regional advantages. Who can use? Is the domestic enterprises, or foreign companies? That depends on which country has internationally competitive enterprises. The strength of a national capital or technology, management companies a competitive edge on the more profitable the use of foreign comparative advantages, the stronger the ability. Therefore, the so-called economic globalization, trade and investment integration is actually a competitive advantage to rely on multinational companies, with investment activities in the global integration of resources. Competitive advantage in international trade division of a major foundation. An international competitive advantage of a State enterprise, the more you can be more integrated in the international division of the resources of other countries and other countries to reduce their resources are enterprise integration. This competitive advantage in: rely on the capital strength gained in the mass production cost advantages; rely on R & D for technology, production of differentiated products; rely on the unique management capabilities to reduce transaction costs, and so on. Can be seen mainly in the business a competitive advantage in the market power, size, cost, level of competitive advantage is not the only deciding factor.
Second, under the conditions of economic globalization, international trade, inter-industry pattern of trade diversion will be intra-industry trade, intra-firm trade-based, intermediate products, parts and components to increase the proportion of trade to compare the cost
in international trade based on international trade patterns to the main inter-industry trade, international exchange of objects belonging to different industrial sectors. This is because in traditional trade theory of comparative cost, differences in factor endowments based on the international trade situation, countries bound to the division of labor intensity of different factors of production of goods for exchange. It occurs mainly in the different levels of economic development between developed and developing countries, or similar level of economic development, but large differences in factor endowments between countries, one-way flow of product, the product also uses very different .
20 century, 70 years as technology development, the deepening of international division of labor, division of labor within the industry in developed countries, increasing the proportion of intra-industry trade. It mainly occurs in the same industry within the department, the product ratio of input factors, basically similar to end-use. According to a new theory of international trade, enterprises in developed countries it is mainly on the basis of product differentiation in the pursuit of economies of scale resulting from, or even by agreement of the international division of labor to achieve. Accordingly, the division of labor within the industry, trade of goods within the same industry should be the final products, such as U.S. export luxury cars, economy cars imports, Japan's export economy cars, luxury car imports.
But with the process of economic globalization, trade and investment integration, international trade patterns changed further: While the industry trade continued to develop, but the object of trade, trade, and before the subject has been very different rapid increase of trade within multinational companies, some of the original in the industry between MNCs will also be part of trade within multinational companies into the inside. This is because through the appearance of economic globalization can be found, and its essence is the multinationals, According to UNCTAD Presently there are 60,000 multinational companies in the world with 800,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],000 foreign affiliates, they are in charge of the world's 1 / 3 production, 2 / 3 of international trade, technology transfer, more than 70%. Order in the increasingly fierce global competition to win, multinational companies since the 90s since the 20th century's international direct investment in the past used a different strategy:
to expand their scale, reduce competition, reduce business risk, with its own financial strength, international lending and convenient, they tend to use horizontal mergers and acquisitions, carried out in a diversification within the industry, series production. This came in the last six or seven international automobile, petrochemical, information and other fields were very much evident. According to UNCTAD data, the global cross-border mergers and acquisitions in 1987 was only 100 billion U.S. dollars worth in 1999 reached 720 billion U.S. dollars, in 2000 foreign direct investment to cross-border mergers and acquisitions to achieve the amount of about 1.1 trillion U.S. dollars, growing over the previous year 1 / 3. In the past decade, the growth of international production mainly through cross-border mergers and acquisitions rather than through new business investment to achieve. Developed countries accounted for 90% of the amount of the world's mergers and acquisitions, multinationals accounted for 90% of the total mergers and acquisitions. Horizontal merger so that the original production of similar products (different types) of multinational companies within the industry between the division of labor can be carried out by the industry trade into a multinational company within the trade between the branches. If the Mercedes-Benz and Chrysler merged with Germany before the United States produced between the two cars belonging to the company to trade between the inter-industry trade, while trade in the two companies merged into the company's intra-industry trade. This large should be mainly in trade between companies.
order to remain competitive in the global core competitiveness, while multinational corporations in international investment strategy of vertical integration in the form of both wholly-owned, holding, shares of the direct equity control, but also the non-brand equity with a virtual control integrated way. Control mode in direct equity, multinationals tend to own investment in research and development or production of key components to ensure leading edge technology. For the ordinary, standard components are integrated with the virtual model of global sourcing to reduce costs. This strategy led to changes in the form of international trade: corresponds to the former, precision parts and components trade in the company's share rising; corresponds to the latter, the processing trade in the share of international trade continued to increase, and there may be future international the main form of trade (Zhang II earthquake, 1999).
is worth mentioning that, in order to win the fierce global competition, opportunity, to seize market share, multinational R & D is no longer confined to the home country blindly, local development, local production, local sales and even global sales rapid development, some still in the R & D centers in developing countries. This makes many new products are no longer the same as the 20th century, there is a 50-60 years life cycle, to explain in international trade division of agricultural industrial gradient transfer fee of the product life cycle theory and clear the island meet the marginal theory of industrial transfer challenges, and how to play it to the advantage of developing countries, for technology to catch up raised new issues.
Third, economic globalization and international trade interests of the measure changes the dynamic benefits of international trade will replace the benefit of living in a static position
to compare the cost of the main theory and the theory of factor endowments on behalf of the use of the traditional free trade theory static analysis method, described as long as each country's comparative advantages to play their part in international division of labor and trade, will bring the entire increase in world production, consumption levels and elements to use savings. Such as through exports, a country's exporters to obtain higher export revenues, the state could get more foreign exchange earnings. They stressed that international trade is mainly a static interest. However, there is international trade, economic and social development of a country is more important dynamic benefits. Promote competition through international trade can accelerate technological progress and capital accumulation, optimize and upgrade industrial structure, the introduction of advanced concepts, systems and so on. It should be said, the dynamic benefits of international trade has been the main interests lie in international trade. Under conditions of economic globalization, the status of the dynamic benefits will also rise, it should be all countries, especially developing countries in international division of labor and trade, the main focus. This is because the following reasons:
1. Economic Globalization on the direct benefits of international economic activity, international investment income will gradually exceed the gains from trade while living in the major aspects.
the traditional theory of international trade, international investment and international trade, both between each other alternatives, and promote each other, on the whole is to promote international trade, international investment scale, because of the investor, although foreign investment alternative to the original foreign exports, but because of the associated driven equipment, key parts and raw materials exports, in terms of by the host country can make up for the shortage of capital, so that could play a potential comparative advantage, enhance production and export capacity. This analysis is obviously the traditional method of comparative cost analysis, investment activities in countries in international play is their comparative advantage, the return on investment will ultimately be reflected through the trade. And in this investment income to states in the analysis, the interests of multinational corporations is consistent with the national interests, and activities of foreign investment by transnational corporations, the interests of capital-exporting countries will increase. This is the performance of the model in the McDougall most obvious.
but in economic globalization, although did not rule out international trade, international investment and mutually reinforcing relationship between, as the international investment optimization of the global allocation of resources, expanding the intermediate products, parts and components trade, but On the other hand, in terms of capital-exporting countries the benefits of international investment through international trade can no longer be reflected in the interest. This is because under the economic globalization, multinational companies with international investment activities are carried out by the capital of the link resources of global integration, in order to use certain elements of the host country advantages (such as cheap labor), it may be designed to invest in the country plant, but the middle parts, machinery and equipment rather than from other countries may be home country, the products can be sold locally or exported to other countries, export earnings are recorded on the trade balance in the host country, multinational corporations are the investment revenue profits. If the multinational home countries to repatriate profits, the capital-exporting countries was investment income. Conversely, if the home country of foreign income tax rate is relatively high, the overall interests of multinational corporations from their own profits are likely to stay abroad, the home country will be nothing. Therefore, under the conditions of economic globalization, the interests of multinational corporations and the interests of the home country is not always the same, only the investment income capital-exporting countries in order to accurately reflect the direct benefits obtained. Globalization therefore, to capital-exporting countries and importing countries raises the question of government: capital-exporting countries in actively cultivating multinational corporations to improve the international competitiveness at the same time, how to make it serve the domestic economic activities to enhance Taiwan's welfare; Government capital-importing countries to attract international investment in the same time, how to make multinational companies into the national economic activities and services in the host country's economic development.
2. Under the conditions of economic globalization, the traditional to states through the import and export volume to calculate the statistics of international trade balance has not accurately reflect a country's trade interests, in order to increase the amount of foreign exchange, country of origin calculations (Xue Rongjiu et al, 1998) perhaps more accurate.
import and export volume of statistical methods in the absence of international mobility of factors of the case to accurately reflect the situation of a country's imports and exports, as the next country in this condition, all export products produced by domestic factors, all imported products elements with a trading partner of the production, export performance for the net increase in foreign exchange earnings and import performance of the Exchange on the trading partner's net payment, balance of trade between the two countries and thus be able to accurately reflect the bilateral trade relations.
conditions of economic globalization, but, because of the role of transnational corporations and the global flow of resources, a country's exports may not be the exports not only use imported raw materials and intermediate products, or even mostly from imports, from imports of the final product of the importing country. This is in the processing trade, particularly the performance: some processing of export products are often most raw materials, parts and components from abroad, export processing country received only very limited processing fees. According to the traditional statistical methods, the processing trade exports are recorded as exports of processing trade in the exporting country is clearly not fair. It is not only exaggerated the size of the exporting country's exports more easily lead to tensions in international trade to disguise the real interest in international trade relations. For example, U.S. exports to China Barbie, the export price of 2 dollars, but imports of raw materials for the $ 1, transport, management fee of 65 cents, China won a processing fee (processing fee) only 35 cents, in the U.S. the domestic price of 9.9 U.S. dollars. U.S. manufacturers by major interests, China's income is only 35 cents, but $ 2 of exports was recorded in China in the head. It is this traditional trade statistics, in the processing trade has become China's major trade cases, unrealistically exaggerated the scale of China's exports, making China and the United States, Japan and other countries increasingly tense trade relations. If the country of origin criteria used to calculate the value-added export products exporting countries the rate increases the amount of foreign exchange, was able to more accurately measure a country's export earnings, export status. Therefore, economic globalization has made international trade statistics system requirements change.
3. Economic globalization, the dynamic benefits of international trade should be the main pursuit of international trade, the relative backwardness of developing countries.
This is because economic globalization means that countries are forced into the international division of labor, national markets have become a part of the international market. The market in a country engaged in production and export enterprises not only have . Especially when the developed countries, multinational corporations in developing countries, international operations, they also inevitably means the price of the transfer using the transfer of profits gained in developing countries is greatly reduced direct trade benefits. In this case, the dynamic benefits of international trade should be the developing countries in international trade, the main objective of attracting foreign investment. Whether a state-owned international trade and international investment from the benefit, mainly to see its local employment, taxes, upgrade the industrial structure, national income and social contribution to the modernization and so on.
Fourth, economic globalization, international trade policy,
we know, international trade policy with international trade-related economic and trade policies, based on the scope of its implementation can be divided into three levels: foreign trade policy, bilateral and plurilateral trade policies, multilateral trade policy. According to the traditional trade theory, foreign trade policy is formulated by a government and foreign trade-related economic and trade policies, it is a part of the country's economic policy to serve the overall national economic development strategy. The development of the economic development level, economic development strategies, industrial competitiveness, foreign political and economic relations, and many other factors, such as if the low level of economic development, industrial competition is weak, relative protection to the implementation of trade policy, contrary to a relatively free trade policy. Obviously, in this foreign trade policy formulation and implementation, the autonomy of a country's relatively strong government, foreign policy has become a tool for domestic economic development. The protection of trade theory to Liszt, for example, his development of a country's economy will be divided into 5 stages: primitive uncivilized period, during animal husbandry, agriculture period, agricultural and farming during the period. At different times to adapt to the needs of development of productive forces, a government should protect the trade in free trade and choose between. However, this trade policy must satisfy a premise: the world is still very limited development of productive forces, the economic link is not strong. In this context, a country market, especially in backward countries, the market is not very important for other countries, so a government economic development according to their need to identify the object of protection, and other countries will not cause too much concern.
under conditions of economic globalization, but, due to the formation of the international division of the network, the internationalization of national markets, the implementation of a State to protect the environment, trade policy, great changes have taken place, simply consider the national interests of the independent trade protection policies difficult living room (Chen Feixiang, 1997). This is because:
1. Unilateral self-protection of the resources hinder integration of foreign multinational companies, manufacturers and other countries will be met with opposition from the government.
As already noted, the essence of economic globalization, multinational corporations in the global integration of resources. For such integration can be achieved, an inevitable requirement for mutual opening of national markets, requiring countries to give foreign companies the same with domestic enterprises national treatment, allowing the free movement of factors and goods, otherwise the chain of economic globalization in the interrupt Foreign enterprises will be protected because the free market can not integrate resources and interests, the implementation of the protection of the country will lead to other countries in retaliation. Under the conditions of economic globalization, trade policy must consider the trade interests of other countries to follow international conventions, bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral trade policy factors on the constraints of a country playing an increasing role.
2. The object of protection is difficult to determine.
form of economic globalization, global production networks, countries have become a part of international production. Conditions in capital flows, a country's domestic market is often the For example, high-tech strategic industries based on the importance of national economic development, it tends to become a Government to protect, support the object, but in conditions of globalization, the government may not protect their foreign-funded enterprises in the industry. This protection limits competition, so foreign to the host country markets in the survival of outdated technology, and even access to high monopoly profits. Such as China's car industry competitive on the market today are basically a joint venture enterprise. Period in the highly protected and strict entry permit, so that a small number of foreign firms of foreign counterparts due to lack of competition, no transfer of advanced technology to China, but as long as the transfer of outdated technology and models, will be able to win the market and highly profitable. Obviously, such protection in the protection of some car manufacturers in China, while foreign companies, while filling the competition from foreign counterparts, China's car manufacturing industry suffered. In contrast, relaxation of foreign investment in China's entry permit, the domestic market, the formation of the American General Motors, Honda, Volkswagen, Citroen, France and other foreign companies a competitive situation, in order to win the market, they are competing for the transfer of advanced technology to China and models, some even sync with the developed countries, thus contributing to China's car industry in five or six years of rapid development.
again from the opposite perspective. Under the economic globalization, international investment in both directions, not just foreign companies to integrate resources in the domestic market, domestic enterprises are engaged in foreign markets integration of resources. A country in the presence of foreign investment, if the government out of the so-called national interests, restrict or limit foreign companies to enter the import of foreign products, and ultimately may limit or restrict the country's main foreign enterprises, so that further damage the national interests . For example, in April 2001 Japanese green onions, shiitake mushrooms and rushes emergency import restrictions, effectively limiting the number of Japanese investment in China-funded enterprises. Since the Japanese occupation of China's textile market share of more than 90% of the Japanese textile industry associations would have been actively promoting the implementation of the emergency government restrictions on China textile imports, but the investigation has found that most Japanese textile companies are investing in China, import restrictions were to its vendors against more than 70%, and finally had to give up.
3. Protective effect of trade with uncertainty
the pretext of protection of the most powerful protect their infant industries. Although economists have made a variety of interpretation of infant industries, but not strong operational, the protective effect was difficult to satisfactory. This is because: the development of infant industries unpredictability. Even if the experience of other countries for reference, but the national situation. Some industries in other countries after a certain period of protection may grow up, but its because they do not have the necessary industrial base, special opportunities, etc., protection may not be able to achieve the same effect; infant industry but it is also a dynamic concept. The rapid development of science and technology upgrade of the international industrial structure very rapidly, and today the protection of infant industry protection after a certain period of time is likely to become a sunset industry, the protection only to the more difficult after the restructuring; In addition, the Practice has proved that protection only can result in low efficiency. Cut off from outside competition protection to domestic enterprises do not feel the pressure of competition, which has the potential to go a certain infant industries never naive.
4. Means of protection to be ineffective.
even if a government determined to protect the object (even scientific), but the specific means of protection can be effective but also requires a series of strict conditions, once these conditions are not met, it is difficult to achieve the original intention of protecting . To protect the high-tech industry of strategic trade policy as an example, the effect of that is subject to various conditions: it requires the tacit understanding between the government and manufacturers, the Government's policy intentions must be with the domestic manufacturers, but in conditions of globalization, a Government's policy of trade restrictions may harm the interests of foreign multinationals in particular, and easy to be resisted; To make the implementation of strategic trade policy distortions caused by developed by the protected industries in the domestic and overseas markets after the obtained economies of scale to be filled, the policy requires that the size of the industry with sufficient barriers to entry, but powerful multinational corporations in order to achieve the strategic goal of entering a market, often at short-term losses, so that the protected host is difficult for enterprises within the industry are the necessary market share.
In summary, the conditions of economic globalization, the next country to develop foreign trade policy, not only to consider the interests of trading partners, and policy standpoint can not blindly focus on the protection of domestic industries, it is neither feasible it is difficult to work. Adapt to globalization, to develop and improve the trade policy to encourage competition in the domestic market for foreign manufacturers to create a fair competitive environment to encourage domestic firms to grow in the international competition, improve efficiency and use of plurilateral and multilateral forces international production for the domestic manufacturers compete for a favorable international environment, should be the most viable trade policy (Zhen Zhang b, 1999). In this regard, U.S. economist Graham and Richardson's global competition policy is a useful attempt (Graham, Richardson, 1997). Globalization not only to international trade policy based on encouraging competition and promote efficient allocation of resources, and is based on cross-cutting interests of all countries, should also be stressed that the international coordination of trade policy, international trade development in order to provide a stable and orderly environment. These are the development of economic globalization and trade policies under the new tasks facing.
Fifth, economic globalization has been economic integration organizations break through the traditional pattern of restrictions, foreign discriminatory and confrontational lower, open, inclusive enhanced.
trade group, also known as economic integration, which first originated in the implementation of economic reconstruction after World War II Western Europe. The background is a small Western European countries due to land, combined with the destruction of war, difficult post-war phase in the economic struggle with the United States, so France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Lu composed of 6 European countries, trade groups, trying to rely on the collective increase the power of the position in international competition. 90 years before the 20th century in Central and South America, Asia, Africa, the state established a number of organizations have integrated a similar purpose, they are mostly developing countries, the imposition of economic self-defense tool. Therefore, most of the traditional integration organization similar level of economic development, political system and cultural traditions similar to neighboring countries and regions located between the components. The relative strength of its closure, internal trade liberalization, foreign trade barriers remain relatively high, the implementation of the basic features of trade discrimination. By contrast, when the theory of customs union representative from this perspective also analyzes the effect of the customs union trade creation and trade diversion effect.
but the 20th century, late 80s, since the early 90s, in the increasingly globalized economy, growing factor mobility, increased interdependence of national economies the case of a direct impact on trade liberalization, the benefits of configuration elements, so , in the fifties or sixties with a completely different background, the world appears in a new round of economic integration of the wave, showing a series of new features different from the past, the integration of the traditional theory can not explain.
1. North-South cooperation emerged type of economic integration organization.
20 century, 90 years ago, the larger the gap between developed and developing countries, with the developed countries to implement the integration of developing countries is unthinkable, and the freedom of trade between developed countries from a theoretical point of view of developing countries, import competition will make the industry (capital and technology intensive industries) is under attack, so basically the integration of this period exist in countries with similar levels of economic development between the developed countries, such as inter- EC, European Free Trade Area among developing countries of the Caribbean Community, the Central American Free Trade Area, the Southern Cone and more.
but since the late 80s, with the economic globalization and knowledge economy, in order to maintain the international competitiveness of the developed countries began a new round of upgrading the industrial structure, and lead to another round of post-war global industry shift The transfer of the site is of course highly complementary with the newly industrialized countries and some industrial base, the market capacity of the larger developing countries. The developing countries, in order to promote economic development, have also abandoned the practice was not successful before the import substitution strategy, expanding opening up, develop export-oriented economy, especially the developed countries to attract foreign investment capital has become an important choice . In this case, the need for mutual benefit, between developed and developing countries a comparative advantage based on their desire to strengthen cooperation, the integration of North-South cooperative organization formed and continue to develop. Such as NAFTA, the United States beginning in the 80's with Canada and Mexico wanted to form free trade zone, but because the United States, Mexico, a large gap between the level of economic development, wary of Mexico, the United States did not do so, then the first of Canada North American free trade zone was established. It was not until 90 years, the United States, Mexico, the objective of economic links for the joint Canada finally formally established in 1994, the North American Free Trade Area. Currently, the organization is ever expanding to South America trend, and plans to be completed in 2005 the Inter-American trade group.
2. Economic integration organizations, geographical restrictions continue to be broken.
traditional integration organizations are composed of geographically adjacent countries, but since the mid-90s, between geographically distant countries also continue to explore the possible formation of trading blocs: the United States in the negotiations with Singapore establishment of the new U.S. free-trade zone; the North American Free Trade Area and the EU want to form trans-Atlantic free trade area; APEC continue to expand, increasing the geographical distribution of members dispersed; Asian and European leaders have begun to meet regularly to discuss mutual economic, political, cooperation, and so on. The reason is that economic globalization has made these countries, although geographically far apart between, but the economic ties between the deepening of market exchange, the elements of technological development led to increased mobility of capital, especially the fast flow of the economic and technological cooperation between them possible .
further analysis can be found in Europe, America, Asia and central and southern African countries are basically no signs of integration organization established to discuss, because the latter with the former economic ties between the three not very close, the market capacity are more limited. This further validates the economic integration since the 90s is the inherent requirement of the world economy.
3. Economic integration, decreased discriminatory, open and enhanced.
study the history of economic integration can be found, a customs union was more common form of integration, since the 20th century, 80 years ago is still a more effective tariff trade protection measures, through the Customs Union member states

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