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<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" width="100%" class="forumline"> <tr> <th class="thCornerL" width="22%" height="26">Autor</th> <th class="thCornerR">Wiadomość</th> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" align="left" valign="top" class="row1"><span class="name"><a name=""></a><b>kingu43vgg9</b></span></td> <td class="row1" height="28" valign="top"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/xeon/images/icon_minipost.gif" width="12" height="9" alt="Post" title="Post" border="0" /><span class="postdetails">Wysłany: Śro 6:32, 11 Maj 2011<span class="gen"> </span> Temat postu: Abercrombie France,Government and the public syste</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="postbody">Government and the public system of cooperation: <br /> <br />Introduction current thinking on the reform of township government, I think there are three major shortcomings: First, the vision will be limited to the township of (level) itself, ignoring the lower levels of government on inter-institutional factors the influence; second little historical perspective to analyze the current township issues, for some reason difficult to understand the historical roots of current township issues; third is in the methodology, there is no breakthrough, town simply as a national (machine), a part of the township government can not recognize any level of government and its organizations are strikingly different properties; or from the so-called This article will first put plagued some of the problems of township government, and attempt to inter-governmental institutional analysis to identify the reasons for their institutional; then trace the historical development of the township government a simple sort, explore the development of township organization law; article also attempts to In the analysis, will be interspersed with a number of towns on the Reform of the current comment. On this basis, the authors propose their own reform ideas and specific policy recommendations. First, some of the problems plagued the township government town government seems to be that the burden of farmers, villagers and rural self-government until the debt issues in recent years, the society and government to become a focus of attention, in fact, It has been rebuilding since the early 80s [3], has been plagued by some problems. Originated as a difficulties and other problems [4]. these problems have appeared, in fact, also from another side note, the township government on how to build (or reform) has to date failed to find a feasible path. (A) the The so-called Although at different times of the stations located in the township name, form, quantity different, but basically this, that is: profitable stations are generally managed directly by the department or its counties as well as the leading , supporting management of township government, and some stations were unprofitable as a For example, finance, industry and commerce, taxation, public security, justice, land,<a href="http://www.newabercrombie-paris.org" target="_blank" class="postlink">Abercrombie</a>, water, credit, transportation and other stations basically to the township government [5]. In this way, those in towns, by the higher authorities directly manage the stations, is bound to a certain extent, divided up and dismembered most of the township government power, while also competing with the township government rural resources, especially fiscal resources to enable the township government in the , scientific, cultural and social undertakings. [6] (b) of the township organization expansion problems. The expansion of township institutions, mainly in the late 1980s. With the implementation of rural household responsibility system and the people's commune system's collapse, when the village-level organizations become paralyzed and semi-paralysis, accustomed to administrative control of the township government organizations, rural grassroots organizations in response to this change, and for actual social management, the collection of taxes, plan production and implementation of family planning needs, the initial responses (whether consciously or unconsciously) is almost without exception, is to increase the staff, the expansion of institutions. In this case, there towns in this period of institutional and personnel expansion. The township government from the initial and some areas of the township established the CPPCC (contact group), and some economically developed regions of the township established the economic organization. Meanwhile, some of the original township government departments at this time assistants were also set to the corresponding evolution of the specialized agencies, they either become internal institutions of township government, the full-time office (such as the Home, family planning, corporate offices, etc.), the Commission (such as Agricultural Economic Commission, the Board of Education, etc.) or in the station, the (such as statistics station, administered by the station, finance, etc.), or as a subordinate unit of the township government, belongs to the so-called , earth tubes, Tax, Trade and Industry, the urban construction, electrical control station, service stations and other stations of family planning), replaced by higher authorities management [7], many of these new institutions is self-supporting unit, a corresponding increase in its staff, mostly rural self-employment (non-state preparation of staff). According to the National Bureau of Statistics, 11 ministries and commissions of the 1020 national representative sample survey of the township, township party and government average of 16 internal organs, and its staff an average of 158 people, more than 2-3 times the normal preparation; average townships of 19 subordinate units, and its staff of 290 people, seriously overstaffed. Rely on fees assessed to farmers live or directly, extraction is often to ensure that these new institutions the primary means of daily operations. (C) the autonomy of villagers in the township government's challenge to traditional authority. After 1988, [8] is well known that the implementation of autonomy in the village before the relationship between traditional village is an administrative affiliation. In this relationship, the village-level organizations, whether it is the first administrative control of rural society level government or quasi-government organizations, in function, it is mainly on behalf of the Villagers system has given the and self-service autonomous grassroots organizations, democratic elections, democratic decision-making, democratic management and democratic supervision, matters within the scope of village autonomy. In this way, just from the system, structure, the township government has become a state power in the rural community administration In this sense, the villager autonomy system has redefined the relationship between state and rural society, thus forming a so-called The state of conflict (on this point, will start later discussion); especially the village-level direct democratic elections to stimulate the rural people's inherent sense of democracy and democratic aspirations, they based their own economic interests, political rights and other aspects of consideration, to change traditional sources of authority of township governments way of democratic elections will be extended to the township level, further opening up of township politics and actually involved in village affairs of governance of various items. (D) farmers burden. By 1990, all kinds of items collected from farmers has reached as many as 149. Year 1991, about the burden of farmers per capita net income of 13%, far more than 5% of the control line. Since then, although the state has increased the burden on farmers governance, consolidation efforts, but the burden of farmers has not significantly improved not only the contrary has intensified, and has become the focus of rural areas, one of the most attention [10]. In the increase of farmers the burden of a punitive expedition, the township government time to become a target for increasing the burden on peasants. Objectively speaking, the township government for increasing the burden on peasants do bear some responsibility, but the township government is not necessarily add to their burdens the As mentioned earlier, in the On the other hand, step by step through the so-called The flow on to higher levels of government [11]. In fact, the actual income of township government very little, especially since the tax system really left to the township government's statutory tax are some scattered, small, difficult collection of taxes, the township government to such taxes are imposed not only cost it a lot of energy, but also extremely easy and the farmers have a direct conflict of interest. Although top-down implementation of the financial system, tax system reform, but not simultaneously at all levels of government decentralization reforms accordingly, the power relationship between lower levels of government is still dominated by an absolute relationship between , higher levels of government can rely on lower levels of government can not interfere with the power to not only develop their favor sub-tax rules, even arbitrary Flat lower levels of government resources, but also to some of the services and the original by the class production of public goods task allocation to lower levels of government. And eventually the formation of such a situation, namely: bottom-up step by step up the focus on fiscal resources, a variety of tasks, but the top down level by level indicators of decomposition, the implementation of the grassroots government. Township government in the most basic situation of the worst,<a href="http://www.abercrombiefitch-france.org" target="_blank" class="postlink">Abercrombie Paris</a>, they completed a higher level of tax collection tasks, the income of rural finance system is running low. Poor rural incomes in the rural financial system in the production and supply side of public goods Shangqie and missing, but also bear a large number of the matters assigned from top to bottom (many of which are not part of the township government affairs), which forced the township The Government had outside the system, (D) Tax Reform and township financial dilemma. Rural tax reform in Anhui province in 2000 the first pilot,<a href="http://www.mbt-scarpepresa.org" target="_blank" class="postlink">MBT outlet</a>, and later worked in Jiangsu, Hubei and Zhejiang provinces, 20 in full swing. According to latest reports, the current pilot areas of the agricultural population has reached 620 million, the total number of agricultural population accounting for about 3 / 4; pilot areas generally reducing the burden increase of 30% or more (some areas more than 40%), farmers get the benefits expected more than 30 billion yuan [12]. It can be the other hand, in the past farmers were deprived of their situation. Rural tax reform seems to be regulation on the surface of the growing flood of rural rural society deepening crisis of governance. In this sense, not so much the rural tax reform in the rural distribution of the adjustment of relations and economic interests, rather, the legitimacy of national reconstruction in an attempt to rural society and efforts (the ability to obtain practical results, to be seen.) This effort is mainly achieved through this two ways: First, the cancellation of unreasonable fees, other fees will be incorporated into the combined demand of agricultural taxes, which will reduce the burden on peasants and control (or fixed) in a within the acceptable range, the farmers as to obtain the actual economic benefits (benefits) on the In the ensuing reforms, in turn reverted to the county rural teachers salaries paid fiscal consolidation, and township finance the implementation of These measures of care and thought is obvious that the white norms and constraints the behavior of the township government to prevent them from arbitrary charges to farmers, raising funds and levies. Obviously, the township government became a victim of this reform or scapegoat - for both the grassroots or some top government officials, academics and even some peasants blamed the township government. In fact,<a href="http://www.abercrombiefitch2011.org" target="_blank" class="postlink">Abercrombie France</a>, the implementation of village self-government in rural areas, but also a purpose of national reconstruction. The implementation of village self-government, the state by giving farmers a certain autonomy, that is, through the so-called democratic elections, democratic management and democratic decision-making and democratic supervision, and village affairs and regain the farmers on national policies and subject to compliance with the obligations of the State. Countries in the minds of the authority of the peasants, farmers put spread discontent and anger in some [13] in the implementation of village self-government, the state will be similarly pushed farmers township government opponents side. Villagers from the current development, the country's dominant relationship between the villager autonomy is indeed a major obstacle to development. Media hype from this year's system determines the type of intergovernmental conflict between the inevitability of country, as long as the township government is still the dominant part of the political system. Back to the issue of reform of rural taxes and fees. Rural Tax Reform to reduce the burden on peasants in the same time, is bound to reduce the income of rural finance in particular, the income of rural finance, rural financial revenue and expenditure and therefore lead to the gap problem. Meanwhile, the township finance the huge debt left over from the original problem can not be resolved. In other words, the township fiscal gap facing serious balance of payments and debt pressure, and permanent. After the reform of rural taxes and fees (2000), Anhui Agriculture two taxes (agricultural tax and special agricultural product tax) and add a 3,761 million, compared with 4.925 billion yuan before the reform (including the pre-reform agricultural tax, special product tax, townships and village reserve The Community Chest, the management fee) was reduced by 1.164 billion yuan, coupled with the cancellation of the slaughter tax and financing rural education 5.26, the province's policy of reducing financial and village level reached 1.69 billion yuan. Among them, the township government revenues and 1,396 million, with an average income of 754,600 yuan for each township to reduce. Although transfer payments to fill the town within 85% of the policy of reduction, however, before the tax reform, rural financial policies in addition to income, there are policy, income. Reform of rural taxes and fees almost completely abolished the township fiscal policy income, so rural Anhui Province, the actual reduction is far greater than 754,600 yuan revenue. It is estimated that an average of every town in Anhui Province as a reduction in tax and fee reform in rural areas at least 90 million. Before tax reform in rural areas, according to the financial sector survey in Anhui, the province's original township level financial liabilities amounted to 3.03 million yuan on average. That is to say, the rural tax reform on township finance in terms of nothing less than Ministry of Agriculture in 1999 based on a comprehensive inventory, as of end of 1998, the actual township and village levels to 325.9 billion yuan of debt, of which township debt up to 177.6 billion yuan, an average of 408 each township liabilities million. Moreover, in recent years, the liabilities increase. [15] carry such high levels of debt,<a href="http://www.axcxzx.com/index.asp" target="_blank" class="postlink">开腹取宫内节育器3例分析_</a>, in the rigid constraints of the rural tax reform, the rural financial difficulties (or crisis) is bound to lead to the township government will the new crisis of legitimacy. In fact, the township government is always in a Namely: to produce and supply of rural public goods, will have to increase the burden on peasants, because the basis of the existing tax sharing and the financial system of county and township fiscal revenue system which is very limited, and the amount of its main sources of revenue are some small, scattered and difficult to levy taxes; If you do not increase the burden on peasants, not the production, supply of basic rural public goods, the majority of rural people to meet the growing public demand. In this dilemma among the township government is facing a double challenge the legality of: on the one hand, if you can not meet basic public needs of rural people, production and supply of rural public goods at least, the value of township government to be questioned; another , if for the production and supply of basic public goods and increase rural farmers to accept the burden of farmers beyond the boundaries of the township government's legitimacy also be compromised. Although rural tax reform to reduce the burden on peasants, but the township government but also pushed into another crisis of legitimacy, because of his limited financial resources and standardized by the rigid financial constraints, he could efficient production and supply of rural public goods and to meet growing public needs of rural people. [16]</span></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="1" class="spaceRow"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/xeon/images/spacer.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" /></td> </tr> </table>
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