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<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" width="100%" class="forumline"> <tr> <th class="thCornerL" width="22%" height="26">Autor</th> <th class="thCornerR">Wiadomość</th> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" align="left" valign="top" class="row1"><span class="name"><a name=""></a><b>gguyadradash</b></span></td> <td class="row1" height="28" valign="top"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/xeon/images/icon_minipost.gif" width="12" height="9" alt="Post" title="Post" border="0" /><span class="postdetails">Wysłany: Wto 13:38, 24 Maj 2011<span class="gen"> </span> Temat postu: Ralph Lauren shop Rural public finance system on R</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="postbody">Rural public finance system on Reflections on the Construction (I) <br /> <br /> <br />This paper from China Union <a href="http://WWW.LWLM.COM" target="_blank">WWW.LWLM.COM</a> collected. [Keywords] rural areas; public goods; public finance; institution-building <br /> Achieve coordinated urban and rural development, economic and social development is an important part of building a harmonious society, the reform and opening up, China's national economic and social development have made great progress, national economic strength, particularly since the implementation of the proactive fiscal policy , accelerated construction of public infrastructure, but the elements of social resources and financial resources allocation primarily to elements of industrial and urban tilt, so once again narrow the gap between urban and rural areas is relatively larger, urban-rural dual structure, obviously, the the outstanding issues. After the individual counties in Anhui Province, towns and villages of the investigation, we are deeply opposed to urban, rural public goods in short supply, resulting in farmers traffic and communication, medical treatment is difficult, hard to go to school, electricity and water production and lack of infrastructure is difficult to This not only reduces the quality of life of farmers, increase the burden on peasants, and will become more efficient agricultural production and rural income growth in the major obstacle. An important question which is <br /> A rural public finance as defined under the meaning of public goods <br />Public finance is relatively Fiscal for the purposes of economic development, is the provision of public goods to meet the public needs of finance and is compatible with the socialist market economy and the financial. Construction of the rural public finance is how to meet the financial needs of the rural public, for the provision of public goods in rural areas. Public goods in rural areas include: rural environmental protection, basic research, agriculture, rivers and governance, rural compulsory education, rural social security, rural road construction. And the market economy compared to developed countries,<a href="http://www.ralphlauren-shoponline.org/" target="_blank" class="postlink">Ralph Lauren shop</a>, China's economic development is the prominent problems in public finance in rural areas lagged behind in rural areas the shortage of public goods, public needs are not met, the formation of the urban-rural dual economic structure. National Congress Party that Therefore, accelerating the construction of rural public finance, public finance coverage to rural areas,<a href="http://www.ralphlauren-shoponline.org/" target="_blank" class="postlink">Ralph Lauren shop</a>, both the <br /> Public finance system is the market economy the allocation of resources under the income and expenditure of the Government to follow the institutional arrangements,<a href="http://www.ralphlauren-shoponline.org/" target="_blank" class="postlink">Ralph Lauren shop</a>, the performance of the system for a group of financial organizations, financial activities, rules, financial behavior of the law. Mainly by the public finance system, public budgeting, public expenditure system, composed of public revenue system. The characteristics of the public finance system: <br /> (1) Publicity. Characteristics of the public finance system are features common to all, the public nature of public finance system features the most stringent of public finance can only be identified, was selected to run the government of the public areas of activity, government allocation should be the individual configuration, enterprise configuration , voluntary allocation supplement scarce resources of society were the secondary configuration, only occurred in the field of public affairs resource allocation behavior, not allowed to enter the field of private business, can not enter a voluntary basis for the common services area; <br /> (2) Public decisive. Public defining feature is the public finance system that has the essential characteristics. Public decisive requirement for any act of public finance must be legitimate, fair, open and transparent, the way to achieve the rule of law, institutionalization, implementation tools are constitutional, tax, public budget law, the annual budget bill. Specifically, the amount of government resources to arrange all the income and expenditure through the budget, which is configured requested the government revenue and expenditure = revenue = = = Public expenditure budget revenues and expenditures; <br /> (3) market status decisive. State of the market is a decisive move by the characteristics of public finance, public finance system, according to market requirements of the specific state of operation, and meet in, subject to market individual, occurs when the market is in state, an important part of the public finance system is to protect and develop the market; when the market is in the development of state, an important part of the public finance system is to allow the market free to expand living space; When the market is well-developed state, the public finance system to change for the equitable distribution of macro-interventionist fiscal system. <br /> To the national nature of rural residents,<a href="http://www.httyzx.gov.cn/Review.asp?NewsID=297" target="_blank" class="postlink">_ Comprehensive Business Cooperation Agreement</a>, urban residents should enjoy the same undifferentiated public goods, however, since agriculture is the basic industry of national economy and a weak industry, coupled with the low-income farmers, low taxes and vulnerable groups , so the relative city, its broader meaning to some. That is different from the rural public goods private goods, in rural geographical area, to meet the needs of rural public, private unwilling to provide, with a non-competitive, non-exclusive social items. In accordance with its <br /> Pure public goods in rural public goods in the consumption process is fully non-competitive, non-exclusive public goods, including: the rural grass-roots government, village organizations, administrative services, rural public infrastructure (roads , clean drinking water), ecological environment construction and protection, governance of major rivers, construction of agricultural infrastructure (irrigation systems, agricultural product quality safety monitoring systems, agricultural information system), agricultural science and technology (basic research, major technological achievements of the pilot and the promotion of model), rural disaster relief, public health and epidemic prevention in rural areas, rural poverty alleviation and development and so on. <br /> Is not pure public goods with spillover benefits and consumption on the course of a degree of exclusivity of competing public goods, including both social benefit and personal characteristics of the rural medical assistance benefits, social security, agricultural science and technology information services. <br /> Non pure private goods refers to the group, organization or members of the scope of reasonable definition, the outside it will have competitive and exclusive consumption of public goods. Including small-scale comprehensive agricultural development, agricultural vocational education, and club style venues such as cinemas and entertainment centers. <br /> Range of public goods can be divided according to region as a national public goods, regional public goods and local public goods. National public goods in rural public goods such as basic science of agriculture, regional public goods such as management of large rivers, large water conservancy projects, pest control trans-regional, regional public goods such as rural health care, regional road construction. <br /> In China, farmers in units of private goods is based on households, this decentralized form of organization, and basic public goods and effectiveness of the decision by the spillover of private farmers in rural public goods, products related to the strong dependence . The higher the degree of rural markets, the stronger this dependency, such as rural water conservancy, ecological environment, power grids, road transport, rural education is good or bad, have a direct impact on the abundance of agricultural production and farmers apologize level of quality of life. <br /> Second, based on the perspective of public finance in China under the current rural situation and the formation of Public Goods Analysis <br /> Rural public service system of the present problems, since the agricultural tax reform, especially since the implementation of the exemption from agricultural tax, China's financial system under the existing rural public service system can not meet the development requirements of the new situation. This can not meet the demand of public goods in rural areas and rural public goods, both in terms of supply. <br /> From the needs of rural public goods movement perspective, building a harmonious society, to achieve well-off target for increasing the supply of public goods in rural areas. Overall, China has now crossed to the main stage of economic development into both economic and social development, economic and social development stage. However, serious social development lagging behind economic development, but also very unevenly distributed between urban and rural areas, especially rural education, medical care as a typical public goods needs are not met, return to the rural poor due to illness, the phenomenon of dropping out of school because of the poor remains a serious . Hefei, Anhui Province, according to the package Creek area, east county and Taihe County, the townships, towns, villages, the situation of rural public services, research, implementation of the overall situation is exempted from agricultural taxes in Anhui Province and a number of farmer-friendly policy, the farmers into zero-tax period, the growing grain was raised, and the land management costs, increase efficiency, increase investment in agriculture. The rural grass-roots cadres have started the service concept of change, sense of service have begun to increase, as rural cadres from the catalytic complex food thoroughly to be free money out of the grassroots work has brought new opportunities. But the study found the existence of rural public service system and highlight the contradictions in the common main: <br />The first village-level great responsibility and power a small contradiction. <br /> (1) is unclear, the functions of the role of urgent conversion. Past the main village cadres play a Each year 70-80% of the time and effort to grasp imposed, shall be exempted from agricultural tax, many of the village cadres are blind ran and lost, in particular, do not know how services. <br /> (2) layers to set targets and pressure tasks, as the lowest level of township government, assume too much from above the high index, hard tasks, and tasks of these indicators are often the and other forms of implementation, in essence, is that many powers shifted to the grassroots level. <br /> Second, the obvious contradiction between revenues and expenditures. <br /> (1) local allowances and subsidies are still not full. <br /> (2) low standard of public use of funds. Township public funds are generally per person per year at 800 yuan. <br /> (3) supporting a large gap in project funds, top-down project, almost every town and township facilities, such as set of items) can only complete the current financial strength of 50%. <br /> (4) heavily indebted country, where rural schools, because of the debt owed to creditors affected by school teaching order. <br /> Third, demand for public services in rural areas and supply contradiction. <br /> (1) medical treatment of farmers, traffic and drinking water problem of the most prominent, especially in south of Anhui Province, towns and villages, their living environment, living conditions are worrisome. Village as part of the east county area of ​​the recurrence of schistosomiasis plague; serious pollution of drinking water, Taihe County, the county population of 1.58 million people affected by the polluted water of 35 million, accounting for 22%. <br /> (2) top-down decision-making mechanism for the supply of public goods in rural areas, making public finances to invest in public goods need not reflect the situation in rural areas. Capital expenditures such as the Water In the survey found that many small and medium sized reservoirs east county because of neglect, has become a and the current technology is not practical in many agriculture, agriculture services, engage in forms, going through the motions, the farmers can not get a real practical information technology and services. Currently rural law and order, a serious shortage of police, mass prevention officers work outside the home because the lack of young adults, in fact, a mere formality. <br /> (3) funding to farmers, the labor force participation of rural public goods provision unfair way, and the income of farmers at the present does not help, can not solve the fundamental problem. <br /> Fourth, preferential agricultural policy of <br /> Such as the current policy of agricultural tax exemption would be no benefit to the mountain village area of ​​grain and other non-villagers, which reflects the Dabie Mountains in Anhui Province, the most prominent; In addition, the agricultural tax exemption of individual areas do not have to in order to subsidies <br /> Fifth preferential agricultural policies need long-term mechanism building. <br /> Generally reflect the existing preferential agricultural policies is direct, pragmatic, but the lack of long-term mechanism to provide public services. Such as the current tax relief for farmers and other rural development measures in terms of only minor and temporary improvement of living conditions of farmers. <br /> Sixth, after the abolition of agricultural taxes, predominantly agricultural county, township and village is the main source of finance be greatly affected. <br /> Order to increase revenue, and a place to over-exploitation of natural resources to increase the use of tax revenue and accelerate deterioration of the ecological environment. In addition, because the long-term excessive use of chemical fertilizers for food production, soil inorganic excessive pollution in serious long-term effect will affect agricultural production. Furthermore, as township and village in the zoning adjustment, the occupation of new land, while the old one to neglect because of no rehabilitation funds. Lu'an region, according to a certain area of ​​the village's old house than 1,000 acres, the state invested a small amount can be rehabilitation. At present, almost abandoned. <br />     </span></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="1" class="spaceRow"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/xeon/images/spacer.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" /></td> </tr> </table>
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