 Wysłany: Wto 11:10, 19 Kwi 2011 Temat postu: Economic growth, social justice, democracy and the |
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| Economic growth, social justice, democracy and the rule of law and legitimacy based on [1]
Legitimacy of the government, generally refers to the Government by virtue of non-violent means to be the ruler, consciously or voluntarily accept the Government's ability to rule. Throughout the ages, the effective authority of any government can not do without the support of legitimacy, different governments have different legitimacy. Contemporary legitimacy of governments around the world vary greatly, some developing country governments to establish legitimacy in the Chinese papers League finishing. before the reform, the Chinese government's legitimacy on historical materialism from the West and from China's political and cultural traditions basis. Since 1978, the Chinese government's legitimacy has undergone major changes. Throughout the 80's and early 90's, the Chinese government is committed to building legitimacy of their own achievements. Into the late 90s, At present, is to implement a proactive fiscal policy to stimulate economic growth by expanding domestic demand, strengthen their own social justice to consolidate its legitimacy. At present, China's leaders and intellectual elites have a clear understanding that the Chinese government will eventually establish its own legitimacy on the basis of democratic rule of law, and as early as 20 years ago launched a far-reaching process of building the rule of law . Turn of the century, China entered a new round of adjustment and reconstruction of basic legitimacy of the period. This paper examines the legitimacy of the Chinese government since 1978, based on the transformation process, and prospects for its future trends. The first part describes the late 70 changes in the Chinese government the source of legitimacy; the second part of the establishment and performance legitimacy dilemma; third section discusses the basis of social justice, the meaning of the legitimacy of government and the establishment of basic social justice way; fourth section reviews the past 20 years the Chinese government in building democratic legitimacy achievements and future development trends. an economic system based on competition and legitimacy of the changes sense, in the late 70s of this century, China began market reforms The reason is not China's internal and outside China; its source is not contemporary, but in 500 years ago. The global economic system, competition has been going on 500 years of global integration process. 1 economic system, political system legitimacy and legality of the relationship determine the legality of the economic system it is possible that people consciously accept the size. The higher the legality of the economic system, it is people consciously accepted, obedience, compliance more likely. Economic system goal is to establish and maintain the economic order, economic order is to ensure the smooth progress of economic activity, while economic activity is to meet people's needs, the degree of performance to meet the standard of living for people. Therefore, if an economic system over another economic system to better meet the needs of people, this economic system more easily be adopted, it has a higher legitimacy. when there is only one economic system, or people do not know the world, there are other economic system, economic system, the legitimacy of the problem is not prominent. In today's era of open information, the legitimacy of an economic system is always competition between the various economic systems are closely related. If an economic system with another economic system faster than improve the living standards of citizens, then it will win in the competition, will be less efficient that the original implementation of the national economic system adopted by , and less efficient users of the kind of economic system will have to be abandoned, and thus lose their living space. political system legitimacy and legality of the economic system are closely related. If the Government maintained the legitimacy of a small economy, its political legitimacy will thus subject to threats and challenges. Compared with the economic system, political system and the interests of the ruling group more closely, so sometimes the government to protect and maintain their political legitimacy, had Although the government knew this would threaten their long-term interests and overall interests, but in order to have had immediate and vital interests of the expense of the former. 2 the legitimacy of competition in the world began 500 years ago, geographical discovery, to the capitalist market started the process of global expansion, setting off a unprecedented Capitalist market to a growing number of areas At the same time, the climax of Western colonial powers and the expansion of market economy to the market economy to forge ahead in the global triumph, when the Germans living in the United Kingdom conducted a ruthless Marxist critique it, and put forward a new mode of economic organization - the planned economic system . In 1919 the Bolsheviks led by Lenin in the idea of this theory into reality of poverty and backwardness of Russia. 70 years was the beginning of the two economic system competition. half of this century, the Soviet Union's economic development with their own performance to show the world the advantages of the planned economic system. Soviet experience shows that poverty and backwardness on the basis of the planned economic system can only use one or two generations to create a high degree of industrialization and urbanization of the country, while the United Kingdom and the United States and other established market economies to use at least one or two of a century to complete the same task. Extreme backwardness of developing countries whose economies found that the planned economic system to provide them with a rapid completion of capital accumulation, so as to realize national industrialization and urbanization of the shortcut. From the early 50's to 70, the planned economic system spread rapidly around the globe, many newly independent developing countries have adopted such an economic system. However, the beginning of this century since the late 70s, the implementation of the planned economy of the country there had been widespread economic stagnation, and the developed market economy countries have maintained sustained economic growth. Soviet Union and Eastern European countries and the United States and the European economic stagnation the country's economic prosperity and formed a strong contrast, especially in East Germany and West Germany show, between North Korea and South Korea. The result of decades of battle to tell people, in the economy is very backward and simple conditions, the planned economic system also has a certain efficiency, but when the economic development to the more complex and advanced stage, it will no longer be able to promote sustained economic increased. From the long-term development, compared to a planned economy and a market economy is inefficient economic system. 3 root causes of the failure of the planned economy planned economic system had failed due to its two fundamental drawbacks, namely, Need to stress that the planned economic system faces the In principle, the planned economic system requires that all members of society have exactly the same values, this is the famous If all members of society is not the same values, the central planning agency can not develop a Therefore, the effective operation of the planned economic system requires that each person is very Unfortunately, such a person does not exist. the reality of the planned economy, each person's material gain and his contribution to the economy not directly linked. Workers and managers, Enterprises, too, turned over all the profits, loss of state subsidies. Since I can not use However, the - modern economic development is achieved through scientific and technological progress, and freedom of scientific and technological progress is the result of aggressive people, is the crystallization of human creativity. If an economic system can not provide people with free space, can not provide people with aggressive power, it can not play to people's creativity, it can not promote scientific and technological progress. The economic system may have to learn other advanced scientific knowledge and the capacity of production technology, but certainly did not create new scientific knowledge and production technology. It can be . When the Record of the world economy relentlessly show that the planned economic system the progress of human civilization little , cars, and then to the ever-changing scientific knowledge invisible, movies, and symphony, all of this century, human beings have with the people's daily lives and progress are the market economic system Development of scientific and technological progress as the economy increasingly dependent, as the world enters the era of knowledge economy, the low efficiency of the planned economic system will become increasingly clear that the competitive disadvantage the planned economic system will become increasingly prominent, the results of plan economic system and also to more quickly and increasing the size of the stage of history. II, The Chinese people has not been a great wealth of material life, but instead into a widespread poverty. Similarly, people have not been greatly enriched the spiritual life, and is given unprecedented spirit of poverty and ignorance. China's economic development has not only failed to All mercilessly shaken the legitimacy conferred on the Government of historical materialism. 1978 the new government came to power in the ruling, given the commitment to strengthen the legitimacy of historical materialism, but also set about establishing a new legitimacy. First, Huntington selected the so-called However, in the 80's, the new government is more focused on It firmly rejected the A decade of rapid economic growth, laying and consolidation of the new government's legitimacy and has withstood the more successful 1 reconstruction performance legitimacy today's world, if a government does not bring its own legitimacy on the basis of historical materialism, nor can the legitimacy of their own built on the basis of democratic elections, it often results as economic development should a major source of legitimacy. Huntington pointed out that In exchange for support of the people, the leaders of authoritarian regimes as soon as they are often forced to make the commitment to improve people's living standards, but they also repeatedly stressed that economic growth is under the leadership of the other regimes can not be achieved. Deng Xiaoping, more clearly than anyone else aware of the legitimacy of economic development on the significance of the Communist regime. In 1982, he pointed out, , gradually eliminate poverty and improve people's living standards. Otherwise, how can triumph over capitalism socialism? focus shifted to economic construction. He also reiterated the Deng Xiaoping said: summarized as the famous May 12, 1987, Deng Xiaoping met with Dutch Prime Minister Ruud Lubbers spoke of modern living supplies, and the people? sorry hiss that G <Hot Locust 绱 playing drums Yi Yi Huang cutting angry furosemide Monopolizing ǎ Monopolizing ǚ air call-in Chennai Chennai from Shen said car Monopolizing ā? nbsp; [8]. 1990, the legitimate socialism into a global crisis, Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out to several Central Committee, Four per cent, the rate of five per cent, in 2012 no problem, if long-term way in the world, especially with East Asia than in Southeast Asian countries and regions, also called a landslide. Problems in some countries in the world, fundamentally speaking, do not increase because of the economy, no food, no clothes to wear, wage growth has been offset by inflation, falling living standards, long-term living an austere life. If you always stay in the low-speed economic development, it is difficult to improve living standards. Why do people still support us now? Is the decade for development, the development is obvious. Suppose we have five years of no development, or low-speed development, such as four per cent, five per cent, or even two percent, three percent of what would happen? This is not just an economic problem, in fact, is a political problem A Because we engage in reform and opening up, and promoting economic development, improving people's lives Also for the Chinese government provides another basis for a new legitimacy, namely Huntington's so-called strategy is correct, the other from the negative proof of political reform and democratization can not solve all problems. Although the Chinese were eager to wider public participation in decision-making affect their lives, need more extensive political freedoms and political rights, but also need stability, need to keep the of official corruption and cronyism, and collusion, money trading, all ill-gotten gains of unscrupulous profiteers disgusted, but they are more afraid of losing their grip in the hands of those who have something. 2 performance legitimacy dilemma They meet some of the key constituents in their performance expectations. However, the legitimacy of the system is built on the procedures above, the establishment of voters through the election in his ability to choose their rulers over. Those serving ruler will inevitably be no performance, so they lose their legitimacy, it will be defeated in the elections. A new group of rulers, to succeed them. Therefore, loss of legitimacy of the rulers of this system led to the reaffirmation of the legitimacy of its procedures. However, in addition to one-party authoritarian system than in the ruler between legality and legitimacy of the regime can not make a clear distinction. Mediocre performance the legitimacy of both the collapse of the rulers, but also the collapse of the legitimacy of the system . Asian financial crisis dealt a blow to China's strong export momentum, reducing the entry of foreign capital, and domestic income inequality is to bring domestic demand, lack of stimulation of the economy clearly slowed growth. the government's to be a problem! At the same time, what happened to China in Indonesia issued a serious warning. even for 30 years of rapid economic growth, even if there are strong family rule, even if there are consistent allegiance to their own troops, as long as no political democracy, as long as there inevitably comes with the authoritarian official corruption, collusion, military interference in domestic affairs, inequality, economic bubble, then only a heavy economic blow to the powerful Suharto dynasty seems to fall apart the instant. Indonesia's events seem to tell people: sustained economic growth is inseparable from the support of democratic politics, democratic politics is not based on economic growth is not sustainable economic growth, economic growth requires the emergence of democratic politics. With the further development of globalization, with the continuing opening up the world economy's impact on the Chinese economy will become more profound, more and more widely; At the same time, the domestic market, the continued development of the reform will further strengthen the market economic autonomy. The two irreversible historical trend will undermine the ability of government intervention in economic development. This means that, to achieve economic growth for the legitimacy of the government, seize their own destiny will become smaller, the decision Government forces of life and death irreversibly transferred to the > Third, the maintenance of social justice - the basis of short-term reconstruction of the legality of actions period of 20 years of reform, China's national economy maintained a rapid growth, GDP growth rate remained at 8%. However, even by the most conservative estimates, China's income gap is rapidly expanding, the Gini coefficient from 0.288 to expand the early 80s to the mid 0.388,15 90 years increased by 10 percentage points [14]. The World Bank pointed out that in such large countries, in such a short time, the income distribution gap expanded so rapidly, it is never in history had any country phenomenon. At the same time, the incidence of absolute poverty in China (poverty population / total population) also dropped significantly,babyliss lockenstab, the rural population in absolute poverty was reduced by approximately 2 million people. synergies and thus the three trends constitute the However, due to poor communities also benefit, thereby to obtain a wide range of social reform and support. then in the future, how to maximize by improving the distribution pattern so that more people benefit from economic growth to improve the ability of the Government's legitimacy. 1 East Asian Experience the World Bank pointed out that before the realization of economic take-off East Asian countries or regions, legitimacy, won wide public support, formulated the principle of shared growth, promising economic growth, will benefit all sectors of society are. Then, to mobilize the elite and the middle class and the poor to share the fruits of growth. Finally, in order to win the cooperation of the middle class and the poor, the Government has to make them see that they really benefit from future growth oral, and to implement clear and effective mechanisms and systems. These mechanisms vary due to economic, but generally include: education (all HPAEs), land reform (Japan, Korea and China Taiwan), to support small and medium enterprises (Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, China Taiwan), and provided by the Government such as housing and public sort of basic medical services (Hong Kong and Singapore). Almost all are careful and delicate HPAEs to deal with labor relations, limiting the power of trade unions, inhibition of labor radicalism. At the same time, the government encouraged the establishment of cooperative environment to promote growth, while labor productivity growth can benefit from. HPAEs not grant direct income transfers or subsidizing specific commodities (such as food or fuel), but the establishment of appropriate mechanisms to increase social and economic status increase the chance. Which often results in individuals and their families have access to such opportunities due to see and believe that hard work will be rewarded, so they study harder, work and savings |
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