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supercharger
Cam:
engine emission levels refer to emissions from the CO (carbon monoxide), HC + NOx (hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxides), PM (fractioniculate, soot) and other harmful gases shall not exceed the state standards. From 1 Janudiffer 2004, the Beijing emissions standards for motor vehicles from Europe to Europe I, II, to 2008, the formal implementation of the European III standard number.

cast iron engine and aluminum engine:
Standard II, European
Honda Accord
fourth: overhead valve, four overhead camshafts. This is a more sophisticated changement, generally used in the use of V-or W-top sports car engine above. Spyker C8, as is typical representative of the four overhead camshaft models.
emission levels and identify:
general, in the same bore, the cylinders the more power the higher the greater the displacement, that is, the higher top speed. In the same displacement, the cylinder a few more, smaller bore, the greater the speed the higher the torque, that is, the faster the acceleration.
Note A: Try to use the same brand of antifreeze. Different brands of antifreeze will alter their production formula, and if mixed with a variety of additives may occur between the chemical rebehavior, resulting in additive failure.
● Fuel Type
camshaft and valve layout:
alloy of aluminum-based general. Major alloying elements are copper, silicon, magnesium, zinc, manganese, minor alloying elements are nickel, iron, titanium, chromium, lithium and so on. Aluminum low density, but the strength is relatively high, cclosedown to or more than high quality steel, plastic, can be processed into a variety of profiles, with excellent electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance, widely used in business, usage after the steel .
both have their own advantages overhead valve layout, single overhead camshaft (SOHC) the cost is lower than the double overhead camshaft (DOHC). Single overhead camshaft (SOHC) horsepower at low RPM is better, more suitable for urban driving; and double overhead camshaft (DOHC) are better at high rpm horsepower, more suitable for high speed. Automobile manufruleurers based on the engine cost estimates and target audience of the different models to select the appropriate layout, so we can not simply the size of the engine displacement, vehicle positionification, or to simply define the level of prices of single-or dual overhead cam axis.

is owned by the engine valves for each cylinder number, a two-valve, three-valve, four-valve, and several five-valve. At or more than six valve gas distribution structure not only too complex, also lead to reduced engine vitality, valve curtain area open space (the circumference of the valve and the valve lift) is also smaller, less efficient. Therefore, four-valve technology is currently the most widely used.
point to note is that in some special cases, such as driving or at higher altitudes require a large load, high torque trailed vehicle cargo, engine Rongyi produce detonation, should use high octane value of gasoline.
● antifreeze volume (L)
Note III: must be changed regularly, usually two years or 40,000 km per vehicle to replace one, some of the dutyi should be replaced too frequently. The net change should put the old fluid, clean the cooling system, and then put the new fluid.

first: overhead valve, side-cam. Side of the camshaft in the cylinder, driven directly by the timing gear. Because of this varyment must be used to transfer power valve lifter, reciprocating parts more inertial mass, easy to cause vibration, so now basically do not use this arranged.
overhead valve and overhead cam (OHC):

attention to two: the antifreeze is valid for two years more than (Pdweller of a number of individual products), be sure to add within the validity period of the product.
the other hand, the \rpm-horsepower engine, a higher speed limit is its expertise. And want to start accelerating fast, then it can only be carry outd by increasing the engine speed.
compression ratio and the relationship between the cooling system:
number of cylinders and engine performance relationship:
engine compression ratio is the degree of mixture is compressed, with the total volume of the cylinder before compression and after compression cylinder volume (ie the combustion chamber volume) to represent the ratio. For the more comprehensive understanding of intuitive, we also need to understand several related concepts.
double overhead camshaft (DOHC) is a Double Overhead Camshaft. Each cylinder head has two crankshaft, V-type cylinder sitting around for two hours, it will crank a total of 4, so that the 4-valve per cylinder design is very convenient, but can also achieve a higher engine speed. The position of the valve is more conducive to high-horsepower output, but such a design, the drawback is that the weight increase and complex structures and more expensive.
● emission levels
catalytic converters
● compression ratio
layout is now more common two types are: overhead valve, overhead camshaft (SOHC) and overhead valve, double overhead camshaft (DOHC).
higher compression ratio operation greater engine power. Low compression is usually less than 10, high compression ratio of 10 or more. Far as we know the maximum compression ratio of gasoline engines has reached 12:1.
in the production process, cast iron block and aluminum cylinder block, there are many different. Cast iron production line covers an area of great environmental pollution, complex process; and the production of aluminum alloy cylinder block features the contrary, from the perspective of market contest, aluminum alloy cylinder block has certain advantages. But when the car's engine size requirement is small, the use of cast aluminum alloy cylinder block to cylinder strength is difficult to achieve. So, they use high-supercharged engine cast iron cylinder block.
compression ratio and engine performance connectionship:

principles of gasoline used:
the advantages of cast iron cylinder block smaller and cheaper price than the aluminum alloy cylinder block, high corrosion resistance, heat load capability, especially in terms of engine or power potential of more iron large. Analogy, a cast iron 1.3-liter displacement engine output power can be more than 70kW, and a aluminum engine output power can only be achieved 60kW. Aluminum alloy cylinder block use of the engine inside is still part of the cast iron materials, especially the cylinder, to use the cast iron.
oil, that is, engine oil, known as the car's \
Related reading: Tell you do not know the brand great summary of the domestic oil

in Beijing from January 1, 2008 had been issued since the policy provides that all new vehicles must meet the licensing standards of Europe Ⅳ.
gasoline engines and diesel engines:
\
\This is because the piston within the cylinder to run every once in a long journey, resulting in a higher power acceleration, torque will be easy to become big! With the most simple explanation, like boxers, Zhiquan powerful than the jab, uppercut will Zhiquan powerful than, because the longer trip before punching reason.
brown square box for the antifreeze coolant tank
higher gasoline engine compression ratio, the greater the likelihood caused by detostate. We usually say that the label 90, 93, 97 # gasoline, the higher the station, the higher the octane number, the stronger the anti-knock properties, and of procedure price is also more expensive.
unleaded gasoline:

Hydrogen is a secondary energy, which is the method used by some other energy system taken as an ideal of cooperation to a new body of energy, the advantages of hydrogen is very large, the biggest feature is the environmental and inexhaustible, but due to higher costs, were unable to widespread use.
Bore × stroke? Bore × Stroke? the resulting product is the single cylinder's displacement. Multiplied by the number of cylinders, the resulting product is a whole with the engine displacement.
gas:
● cylinders
pressurized air is available for pre-compressed into the cylinder and then to improve the air density, increasing the feed rate of a technology. Used in cars today have two main booster system: a supercharged, turbocharged. The engine at low speeds, pressure hysteresis effect, such as the engine speed up to a certain speed, the pressurization system will begin work in the same stroke volume, the air density is equivalent to enhance the compression ratio increased.
normal combustion by the spark plug electrode gap formed near the flame core, the flame speed is 3040 m / sec. The knock is not far from the conclusion of the spark plug through the compressed fuel mixture to achieve ignition temperature, self-genesized flame ignition advance, the flame speed is 2.001 million m / s or more. Burning flame propagation than normal high speed a few times, it is likely to cause engine damage.

:

oil quality classification:
● camshaft and valve layout

camshaft is a component of the engine piston. Its character is to control the valve opening and closing action. The material is usually of special cast iron, and occasionally there is also forging. The subject is a camshaft and cylinder head of the same degree of cylindrical rods. Above,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], there are a number of sets of cam, used to force the valve. One end of the camshaft bearing support and the other end is connected with the driving wheel.
emissions from vehicles to Europe from Euro Ⅱ Ⅲ, not like Europe to Europe Ⅱ Ⅰ as simple as upgrading a lot of great magnitude. Euro Ⅲ Ⅱ than Europe in the NEDC fuel evaporative emissions testing program and the content change, an increase of Euro Ⅲ standard low HC / CO emissions testing, vehicle testing and diagnosis system in the car emissions testing. From Europe to the Euro Ⅲ Ⅱ perform different emission control technologies, Euro Ⅱ emission standard requires only catalytic converters and engine improvements are two, and Euro Ⅲ emission is also included to improve the catalytic converter coating, catalyst and secondary heating air injection. It can be seen, the Euro Ⅲ than Euro Ⅱ emission control technology is much more complex and difficult.

hydrogen:
in the previous long period of time, bottom-mounted camshaft in the internal combustion engine, the most common. Now most of the production car's engine is equipped with overhead camshaft.
single overhead camshaft (SOHC) is a Single Overhead Camshaft. Before the appearance of the double overhead camshaft, called OHC, single overhead camshaft cylinder camshaft placed in the top of the valve on top. Some also has variable cam timing is used to adjust the engine torque curve, to meet different requirements.

:
engine cooling system
modern car engine to the top of the engine camshaft configuration, compared to the next set more reasonable. Which shortens the distance between the camshaft and the valve, but also omitted the valve tappet and the tappet, the structure of the engine more compact. More importantly, this installation can reduce the quality of reciprocating motion of the entire system and improve the transmission efficiency.
gasoline is not more than 2.2 g CO / km, hydrocarbons, not more than 0.5 g / km. Carbon monoxide, diesel vehicles not more than 1.0 g / km, hydrocarbons, not more than 0.7 g / km, particles less than 0.08 g / km.
present, the gasoline engine and aluminum cylinder block of cast iron or two. In diesel engines, accounted for most of the cast iron cylinder block.

in the previous article, we have been involved in the database parameters and body parameters of the engine to do the first ten in a more detailed analysis, this will be the tenth of a start, the engine continues Detailed remaining parameters:
in the back of the letter S or more by C, the quality and grade of the higher level and more international brands in the oil level is more than SF.

● Cylinder Material
Bugatti Veyron
diesel engines burning diesel engines to obtain the release of life. Advantage is the big power, good economic performance, suitable for use in trucks. The disadvantage is higher cost, vibration, noise, cold in winter car infancy arduousies.
Simply put, that is, in the engine cylinder, there is a piston reciprocating motion cycle to doing, and has been endless loop. In the cycle of working stroke and continuing into the movement has its travel range.
90, 93, 95, 97, 98 # gasoline:
and 8-cylinder engine or more cylinders are to be in the large luxury car and used car supermarkets. Which, with the 1001 horsestrength Bugatti Veyron is the typical 16-cylinder engine models.
Camshaft:
four-stroke engine:

compared with oil and other energy and natural gas produced in the combustion process can affect the physical health of the human respiratory system very little carbon dioxide is only about 40% of coal to produce sulfur dioxide is very small. Natural gas instead of car oil, natural gas combustion of no waste, wastewater, low price, safe, high heat value, cleanliness and other advantages.
installed in the cylinder above the cylinder head, cylinder seals and form from the upper chamber. It is often in contact with high temperature and high pressure gas, so under a lot of heat load and mechanical load. Generally abnormale of cast iron or aluminum cylinder head material, as aluminum alloy thermal conductivity, will help improve the compression ratio, so the aluminum cylinder head has been adopted in recent years, more and more.
gasoline engine is a gasoline-fueled engine. Advantage of high speed, simple structure, light weight, low cost, stable operation, easy maintenance. The disadvantage is the thermal efficiency is lower than diesel engines, fuel consumption higher than the diesel engine ignition system complexity, reliability and ease of maintenance is not as diesel engines.
the world to develop new energy sources is urgent because the energy currently used such as oil, natural gas, coal, are non-renewable resources, the limited reserves of the earth, while the moment of human existence and can not do without energy, so must find new energy.

booster with variable compression ratio:
such as BYD F0, although the small car engine is only 1.0L displacement, but is used in overhead valve, dual overhead camshafts. The eighth generation Honda Accord 2.0 models take into account the various factivityors, the engine is used for overhead valve, single overhead camshaft also normal. However, for the future evolution trends, overhead valve, double overhead camshaft layout will be more mainstream.
●
camshaft engine mounting position with the next set, center, overhead in three forms. Speed of the car engine up to 5,000 rpm per minute or more, to ensure the intake and exhaust efficiency, have adopted the intake valve and exhaust valve in the form upside down, the overhead valve unit.
by C4 ~ C10 gasoline hydrocarbon dissertation of all ethnic groups, the appearance of a transparent liquid. Research octane number divided by 90, 93, 95, the three grades. Seen on the market 97, 98, the product standard petpartum products are enterprise standard.

a cylinder to the engine, when the piston stroke to reach the lowest point, the position at this time point is referred to as BDC, the cylinder including the combustion chamber is formed by the maximum stroke volume of the volume. When the reverse movement of the piston to reach the highest position, this position will be called the top dead point, formed by the piston stroke volume of the smallest stroke volume.
cylinders commonly used in automobile engine cylinder has 3,4,6,8,10,12,16. General 4-cylinder engine family cars are mostly priced at more than 20 million or less. 6-cylinder models priced above the base are more than 20 million.

aluminum alloy cylinder block has the advantage of light weight, estimated with cast iron cylinder block, the aluminum alloy cylinder block can reduce the weight of the engine, reducing fuel consumption. The same engine displacement, the use of aluminum cylinder block engine, can abate the weight of about 20 kg. The weight of the car itself is rebated by 10%, fuel consumption can be shrinkd by 6% 8%.
is well known that when the engine cylinder compression ratio, combustion temperatures are relatively higher, the exhaust gas emitted from the content of nitrogen oxides will increase, will cause pollution. How to achieve the power and the best balance of environmental protection, but also focuses on the current engine technology topics.
four common valve and camshaft layout:
Bore × Stroke:

reciprocating engine:
antifreeze to use Note:

Note Four: Avoid Duishui use. Non-traditional models can not exchange water with antifreeze, that would produce precipitation, seriously affect the normal function of antifreeze. A model used antifreeze can be watered, but water can not exchange too much.
compression ratio and environmental protection:
stroke volume and the minimum stroke volume:
The full name should be called
number by the number of camshafts, and can be divided into single overhead camshaft (SOHC) and double overhead camshaft (DOHC) two relatively common, of cdistance, more complex production process four overhead camshafts.
yellow part sump
give a simple example, the hospital met with the needle injection, right? Push the piston inside the drug,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], that can be seen as the cylinder shell. In accordance with the cooling water into the engine cylinder block and cylinder air-cooled engine.

number of valves per cylinder
number of valves and engine performance bond:

refers to the cylinder intake valve and exhaust valve. Directly connected to the intake valve is the engine intake manifold for inhalation mixture (or fresh air) inlet; exhaust valve is connected to the exhaust manifold, combustion engine exhaust emissions is exported.
compression ratio 90, 93, 97 gasoline:
said compression ratio and range:
\
deviate in displacement under the premise of \Advantage is that short trip, the engine height is low, the vehicle's low center of gravity for high-speed stability, handling performance are useful.
was egg-shaped cam profile, the purpose of securing adequate cylinder intake and exhaust. General line engines, a cam corresponds to a valve, V-type engine or boxer engine is a two-valve per portion a cam. The rotary engine and gas engine with no valves because of its special structure, does not need cam.
Spyker C8
European Standard No. Ⅳ:
knock:
● Bore × Stroke (mm)
Bore, stroke:
valve:
overhead cam Category:

emission levels reached with the European Euro Ⅱ Ⅲ but not with the vehicle OBD is Award green logo, the Euro Ⅲ standard vehicles with OBD Samsung hair green logo, now the new car on the license are required to reach Euro Ⅳ standard is the four-star green car standard.

In general, the compression ratio of 78 90 of gasoline should be used in gasoline; compression ratio than gasoline engines of 8, 93 or 97 should be used gasoline. The more expensive the price of automobile engine technology more complex, you should use 97 or higher rank of gasoline.
● oil volume (L)
bore is the diameter of the cylinder. Stroke is the only point on the piston stroke and the next termination point distance. Engine cylinder when the piston in reciprocating motion, from one end to the other end of the cylinder distance is called a stroke. Also known as stroke.

number of cylinders and valves can be used as one of the criteria to judge the merits of the engine, but not the only criteria. BMW's 2.0-liter inline 4-cylinder, variable valve because of its unique technology, power and torque output in no step inferior to the ordinary 6-cylinder machine, which is the power of the BMW 318 sedan acclaimed reasons. Long-term use of Mercedes-Benz 3-valve per cylinder technology, but also to achieve a good power, torque and environmental standards.
compression ratio is the maximum stroke volume and minimum volume ratio. Common gasolength engine compression ratio of representation such as 9.0:1,9.5:1 or 10.5:1. Gasoline engine compression ratio is generally 8-11, diesel engine compression ratio is generally 18-23.
identification of oil quality level (API) and viscosity (SAE) are two standards. API oil into two categories: \\When the \

European standard No. Ⅲ emission limits lower than the standard Ⅱ in about 30%, while No. Ⅳ standard is reduced by 60%. 7 Executive Europe Ⅱ standard car, the equivalent of a carburetor car emissions; 14 Euro Ⅲ standard implementation of the car, only the equivalent of a carburetor car emissions; and Europe Ⅳ standards require a higher perfection.
III No.
gasoline not more than 3.16 g CO / km, no more than 1.13 grams of hydrocarbons / km. Particulate matter standards for diesel vehicles not more than 0.18 g / km to 50,000 km durability requirements.
● Cylinder Head Material
cylinders:
label on behalf of octane number, the higher the octane, the better anti-knock performance, complete combustion, less carbon deposition, and has good stability, storage and use in the difficult process of oxidative deterioration occurs, the engine non-corrosive components and storage containers.
number of valves per cylinder:
European standards (equivalent to the country, three):

In general, the same displacement case, the valve the more the better intake and exhaust efficiency, like a person running, tired out of breath, you need to open mouth breathing. Large displacement, the engine power to the larger multi-valve technology.
cylinder:
I, the standard European
the operation of the engine are designed normal operating temperature between the 80110 ℃. Compression ratio is too high may result in spontaneous combustion of gasoline, pre-combustion, which leads to the occurrence of knock, the engine weakness, damage to the mechanical components. Therefore, at the same time enhance the compression ratio can maintain normal engine operating temperature is essential.

unleaded petrol is not added in the process of refining of lead gasoline, generally containing one percent per liter of petrol is only one gram of cimpudent oil from the small amount of lead. Unleaded regular gasoline more environmentally friendly than gasoline, since 2000 across the land began to promote the use of unleaded gas.
Aluminum:
antifreeze antifreeze coolant, which manner there is antifreeze function of the cooling fluid. Antifreeze is not just for winter, it should be used throughout the year. High-quality antifreeze coolant is usually zero in on the boiling point of 110 degrees Celsius in the summer to use antifreeze coolant rougher to boil than water. But also anti-scaling,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], corrosion and rust.
work by the engine cycle in a reciprocating motion of the piston stroke during the period the number of four-stroke and two stroke engine. Work in a four stroke cycle reciprocating internal combustion piston, called the four-stroke reciprocating piston engine, completed the intake, compression, power and exhaust for the four mode is called a cycle of work. The two stroke reciprocating piston to a working cycle is called a two-stroke reciprocating piston internal combustion engine.
contrast, \Drawback is the height of the engine becomes high,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the front lower air resistance and the flow line to form the design is not easy to implement.

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